Automatic Essay Writer Generator

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Automatic Essay Writer Generator

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Online Essay Writing Tutors

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Essay Writer 24

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Online Essay Writers

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Smart Essay Writing Templates

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Smart Essay Writing Templates

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Paper on Business Operations of Starbucks Corporation - 2750 Words

Paper on Business Operations of Starbucks Corporation (Essay Sample) Content: Starbucks CorporationNameInstitutionTable of Contents TOC \o "1-2" \h \z \uExecutive Summary PAGEREF _Toc462965312 \h 3Starbucks Cooperation PAGEREF _Toc462965313 \h 4Introduction PAGEREF _Toc462965314 \h 4Sources of Cost and Differentiation Advantage in the Coffee Industry PAGEREF _Toc462965315 \h 5Starbucks Corporation Value Chain Analysis PAGEREF _Toc462965316 \h 7Starbucks Corporation SWOT Analysis PAGEREF _Toc462965317 \h 8Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc462965318 \h 12Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc462965319 \h 13Executive SummaryThis report is about Starbucks Corporation. This is an American coffee company and coffee house chain that was founded in Seattle Washington. This company offers the world some of the finest fresh roasted fresh bean coffees. The growing global position of this corporation is due to its unique taste. This was put in place when Howard Schultz joined the corporation infusing Italian coffee tradition in this coffee business. In addition, he wanted the coffee houses owned by this company to provide consumers with a sense of connection and a homely environment to hold conversations. This report will provide an in depth analysis of this corporation examining its objectives, ownership structures and governing controls. Additionally, it will analyse the basic sources of cost and differentiation advantage in the coffee industry and how Starbucks uses these strategies to gain competitive edge against other companies in the industries. Through a value chain analysis and a SWOT analysis, their resources for competitive advantage are identified and analyzed. Based on this analysis, recommendations will be made on how these strategic resources and the corporate governance can be developed to achieve competitive advantage for this corporation.Starbucks CooperationIntroductionStarbucks Cooperation is an America company that was founded in 1971 in Seattle CITATION Koo10 \l 1033 (Koomsub, 2010). This company is a coffee company that has expan ded its operations to diverse locations including Asian, European and American markets. This company is a marketer, retailer and roaster of high quality coffee. In addition to coffee Starbucks also sells beverages, tea and other food products. They have retail stores all over the world. Starbucks Cooperation aims to provide its customers with high quality accessible and affordable products. Starbucks has a culture of corporate social responsibility. This is emphasized by their mission statement to inspire and nurture the human spirit-one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time  CITATION Sta16 \l 1033 (Starbucks Corporation). With a focus on this mission, the Starbucks Cooperation promotes cultural development and acceptance. This is reflected in the diversity of their staff, suppliers and their customers. In addition, the company believes that performance can be achieved without sacrificing humanity. For this reason, the company has embarked in many community building pr ojects that bring about development of the communities where they invest in.To ensure smooth running of operational and business functions of this corporation, an organizational structure has been implemented. The company runs its main operations from the Seattle headquarters. The executives of the company oversee operations. In addition, they implement decisions made by the board of directors CITATION Sta161 \l 1033 (Starbucks Corporation). The board of directors makes decisions based on the needs and requirements of their shareholders who amount to over 1500. Starbucks stores are corporate owned of licensed by the corporation to serve as retail stores for their products. This is unlike many of their competitors who function as franchises. Owing to its unique ownership structure, the company has put in place a governance mechanism to ensure efficient and effective operational running. As earlier stated, the Board of Directors of the Starbucks Cooperation ensures the long terms goa ls of the organization are met as well as meet the expectations of the shareholders.Sources of Cost and Differentiation Advantage in the Coffee IndustryStarbucks belong to the coffee retail and snack industry. This is because they mainly deal with coffee, tea and other beverages. These beverages may be accompanied by pastries and other confections prepared in their coffee shops. In this industry, there are several factors that provide cost and differentiating advantage. Firstly, we have the product. Various companies in the coffee industry strive to brings products that are both unique and of high quality to the market. They may do this by targeting specific market groups and meeting their needs. Another source is the price of the commodity CITATION Ylv11 \l 1033 (Bruzelius Johansson, 2011). Affordable products attract a wider customer base even in times of economic crisis. In addition, companies may use distribution to gain competitive advantage by making their products accessibl e and available to their customers. Lastly, promotion can be used by companies in this industry as a source of cost and differentiating advantage. Starbucks has competitors both within and outside the coffee market CITATION Ylv11 \l 1033 (Bruzelius Johansson, 2011). These include Caribou Coffee, Tullys Coffee among others who specialize in the coffee industry. Other competitors outside the industry include Dunkin Donuts, McDonalds CITATION Nit14 \l 1033 (Geereddy, 2014).Based on this information, the following strategic group diagram illustrates the position of Starbucks compared to its major competitors.Based on this diagram, it is clear to see that Starbucks dominates the coffee industry with over 8097 stores in America alone CITATION Kat09 \l 1033 (Lee, 2009). Their competitors have smaller presence in the market. They are divided into second cup stores and other stores. These stores have nearly a third of Starbucks market share. However, competitors such as Dunkin Donuts hav e been growing at a fast rate in the industry trailing Starbucks with a 24.6% market share CITATION Ylv11 \l 1033 (Bruzelius Johansson, 2011).Starbucks uses the product differentiation strategy to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. This is the key strategy they incorporate in their business through offering unique products. In addition, they come up with premium mixes of their products such as the frapuccino. Moreover, their coffee shops and retail stores are situated in premium locations and provide customers with amazing customer service. The coffee company also produces coffee beverages that are unique, of high quality and exceptional. These aspects contribute to making Starbucks one of the worlds leading coffee retailers and producers. This business level strategy has been costly for their competitors to emulate.Starbucks also pursued a unique strategy when it comes to acquisitions. Rather than focusing on a franchising model, Starbucks followed a corporate-owned model with their new acquisitions. Through these acquisitions, they have been able to create a diverse product portfolio. Some of these acquisitions include Bay Breads, Evolution Fresh and Teavana CITATION Sta16 \l 1033 (Starbucks Corporation). Other than product diversification, Starbucks acquisition strategy allowed them to expand their customer base through spreading their stores into various geographical areas all over the world.Starbucks Corporation Value Chain AnalysisTo analysis the value chain of Starbucks Corporation, primary and secondary activities must be considered. Primary activities refer to activities that are mainly enthralled in the daily operations of the company. These activities aid in running the operations and meeting its service or product demands. Secondary activities are those that serve to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the primary activities CITATION Dav13 \l 1033 (Buckman, 2013). These activities act as supports thus enhancing the competi tive advantage of the company.The primary activities of Starbucks Corporation include inbound and outbound logistics. Inbound logistics are the elements within the corporation that aid in purchasing of the coffee beans from suppliers from the various locations all the way to the Starbucks storage facilities. From these facilities they are dispersed to their distribution centers. Outbound logistics are the agents through which the corporation is able to get their product to their consumers CITATION Rya08 \l 1033 (Larson, 2008). Starbucks owns retail shops across 65 countries. Moreover, they have licensed shops through which their products can be made available to the market. The outbound logistics is closely related with operations. This is another primary activity that aids the corporation in meeting its goals and objectives. Starbucks business operations are carried out through direct retail stores licensed stores. Another primary activity is service. This is an activity in which the corporation places great emphasis. Lastly, marketing and sales enables the company to run its business operations. Starbucks concentrates on high quality products that are both available and accessible to their customer baseThese activities are supported through the available infrastructure, management of human capital, procurement operations and technological advancements.Starbucks Corporation SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis of a company or a strategy allows identification and evaluation of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This section of the paper provides a SWOT analysis of Starbucks Corporation. Through this analysis, aims to determine whether the sources Starbucks uses to gain competitive advantage in the industry are strategic resources. Th...

How Microsoft Used Empathy And Definition Of Design Thinking

Microsoft introduced an artificial intelligence chatbot to Twitter on 23 March 2016, and it is an AI system named Tay.ai. They basically developed it to speak like a American girl who is 19 years old, and asked it to study interact with users of Twitter. However, Tay.ai was controverted on Twitter, because it released some sensitive tweets, then it was taken offline within 16 hours. On 30 March 2016, after they tested Tay.ai, Microsoft re-released the bot on Twitter. Unfortunately, it released drug-related tweets, so it was taken offline quickly again (Jane 2016). In this essay, I will talk about how Microsoft used empathy and definition of design thinking in creation and implementation of Tay. The empathy play an important role in creation, and it could be divided into two parts, understanding and observing. First of all, I will discuss the understanding during creation of Tay.ai by Microsoft. 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Social Responsibility and Hp Essay - 1291 Words

Running Head: Is it possible for a business to make environmentally-responsible decisions that will provide positive spin-offs to society, but still maintain (or increase) its profits? Bilal Mohamed Moujood 7717930 GMGT 1010 Short Paper 1 Sustainable development has become a recurrent term in the modern day business community. In order to achieve a socially conscious economy, businesses have to strike a key balance between the needs of the present and the viable use of natural resources and ecosystems for future generations. â€Å"Living Progress† is the term coined by the Fortune 50 company, Hewlett Packard to report its Corporate Social Responsibility program. 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Organisational Change Management Strategic Global Marketing

Question: Describe about the Organisational Change Management for Strategic Global Marketing. Answer: Case of background: The present study has dealt with the change management followed by Rapid Supply Electronic Components Ltd (RSEC) that helps the company to increase their sales and distribution operation. Andersson et al. (2012) has mentioned that change in organisational structure and business activities to improve their present condition. It is change in the internal environment of the organisation that influences its performance. In the current scenario, it is noticed that Rapid Supply Components Ltd possess decentralized structure and has six different units in different locations of Australia. The company has possessed Electronic Bits Fast (EBF) that also offers electronic components to Australian service users. Therefore, Rapid Supply Electronic Components Ltd has worked on changing the sales, logistic and customer service operations. The business firm endeavours to follow the EBFs centralized function and has decided to manage their business operation from Electronic Bits Fasts head office in Sydney. Therefore, the company has faced certain faces issues from the employees end. It is observed that the most of the workers of RSEC fails accept the change in the organisational function. Therefore, it incorporates stress and anxiety in their mind that affects their performance in the workplace. The staffs feel lack of respect and value in the organisation. Analysis: Identification of problems: In the present scenario, it is observed Rapid Supply Electronic Components Ltd has faced certain issues that affect their business operation. Harmon (2014) has deciphered that change in the business function facilitates stress and anxiety among the employees. Companys decision to change their organisational function creates disappointment and anxiety among the employees. The main reason behind their dissatisfaction is the fact that RSEC has recently overcome the upheaval condition. On other hand, the experience staffs presume that RESCs has provided better service before the acquisition of EBF. The change in firms function creates questions in their mind regarding its effectiveness in the present condition. The workers have thought of ruling over the newly merged company. However, RSECs decision of shifting the head office in EBFs office in Sydney has left their desired objectives unfulfilled. However, workers of RSEC find it an unnecessary act to centralize companys integrated funct ion. The staffs of Rapid Supply Electronics Components Ltd believe that the separate department of the organisation performs well in different parts of the country. Therefore, centralization of work might affect their business operation. It is also very difficult to accumulate the work performed in six different branches. Employees from the logistic, customer service and sales department have understood that they might be transferred from their current locations. On other hand, some of the staffs like members of sales team and deliveries to customers do not need to move from their position. However, the company remains silent regarding the transfers of workers after the initial announcement. Hayes (2014) has stated that fear of employees regarding the unknown changes in the firm affects the business operation. In present case, it is observed that the workers of Rapid Supply Electronics Components Ltd have also feared about the success of this change plan followed by the company. Becker et al. (2013) has opined that the change in organisational system requires cost and time. Here, RSEC has invested money to introduce SAP system, training program for the employees that affects the financial growth of the corporation. The employees also remain doubtful about that benefit ratio in relation to the money in vested in the change management system. In opinion of Hornstein (2015), the selection of wrong solution reduces the chances of increasing the profit margin in the firm. The managers of Rapid Supply Electronic Components Ltd (RSEC) have also suspected the effectiveness of the change function possessed by the company. The managers have also anticipated that they might fail to meet the requirements after the change in management strategy. Problem analysis and justification: In opinion of Waters Rinsler (2014), ADKAR Change Management Model focuses on attaining the desired objectives of the company, following the change in organisational work. The model focuses on making individual or business firm aware of the necessity of the change in business structure. In the current situation of RSEC, the company has failed to make their workers understand the problems faced in the current situation and the need of changing their organisational structure and business function. Therefore, it has created fuss among the staffs of the organisation. The change model of ADKAR has also addressed the desire of individuals working in the business firm to support the change plan (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). The active participation of individuals assists the corporation to facilitate their change system. RSEC has lacked in attaining the active participation of employees and managers. Therefore, the company has faced hindrance in incorporating the change the business struct ure. The present change model has also mentioned the importance of knowledge to change the business structure. In the present case, it is noticed that RSEC has faced challenges in deriving appropriate process for following the change function. Therefore, the employees fail to understand the purpose of the change in the business function clearly. According to Shah (2014), ASKAR model focuses on the ability of the company to enable the change in the business function. RSEC has implemented the change plan in the different units of the country. However, lack of cooperation from the workers has lowered the chances of introducing the changes successfully. The business firm fails to gather active participation of managers and employees to make the change plan successful. Pugh (2016) has mentioned that ADKAR change management model has also focused on implementing reinforces to retain the change system prevalent in the company. In case of Rapid Supply Electronic Components Ltd (RSEC), the organisation has confronted issues in sustain the change plan. It is observed that the lack of cooperation from the workers and managers have created troubles in maintain the change system in different outlets of the business firm. RSEC has faced anger and stress of staffs regarding the implementation of the change strategy. The skeptical attitude of individuals working in the company has created challenges in enhancing the change plan to develop the current customer service operation of the company. Alternative solutions: In opinion of Nienhuis (2014), effective communication between employees and organisation helps to enhance the business function. Strong relation with staffs assists the company to attain the desired objectives. It helps the firm to share their goals with the staffs and to take their suggestions for further improvement. In present scenario, communication with workers helps RSEC to make the employees clear about the importance of change [plan considered by the firm. It aids the organisation to possess the support and participation of staffs to improve the logistic and customer service operation (Yaghoubi Hojatizade, 2014). Interaction with employees also aids the company to understand the reason behind their stress and anxiety (Mine, 2015). Therefore, RSEC can take essential steps to provide security to their experienced staffs. It helps to retain the support and loyalty of employees and managers that affects their organisational work. Jeston Nelis (2014) has deciphered that the boa rd members of RSEC to improve must focus on making the employees believe that the possession of EBF is a good investment and the centralization of power will help the to take an effective decision for different branches of the company. It helps the organisation to facilitate the logistic function. The improvement in the logistic operation helps to improve the distribution operation and delivery system. Effective delivery system assists to expend the business in different location of the country (Kerzner, 2013). Training plan for employees helps RSEC to make their vision clear regarding the change in the business structure. The training helps to make the staffs aware of the necessity of centralization to enhance the business function. In opinion of Cameron Green (2015), ethical issues assists the company to distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. It helps the company to regulate and monitor the activities of employees and managers in the company. It aids the business firm to retain the business morale that helps to retain the reputation of the company. Therefore, RSEC should focus on including ethical objects to maintain the morale in the business work. The company should also work on controlling the excessive changes possessed in recent times. The company should consider small amount of changes in their units to address the initial success. It helps the company to avail success in long run. Gradual changes in the business help to understand the response of workers that helps the company to decide their next step. It assists the company to balance between demands of workers and change needed to improve the business operation. Recommendations: In the present case study of Rapid Supply Electronic Components Ltd, it is followed that the business firm should focus on incorporating coaching plan that helps to send messages to employees regarding the necessity of changing the business function. It aids to make the employees aware of the advantages of the change plan that helps to increase the business function. The coaching plan helps to obtain a direct interaction with the staffs to know their idea about the change followed in the corporation. Their attitude assists to understand the acceptability in the change function of RSEC. The company should consider the training plan that aids to improve the relation with managers and staffs. It helps to dissolve the doubts revolve around their mind regarding their current position in the company. It gives RSEC an opportunity to reinforce the implementation of the change plan to facilitate their sales, logistic and customer service department. The company should also discuss with the wo rkers regarding the change of head office in Sydney. RSEC should consider the importance of their experienced workers and should provide them facilities that affect their service in the work area. The business firm should work on analyzing the affective of the change plan. The company has recently attained stability in the market and the sudden decision of change plan affects their current situation. It might bring success in the current time. However, the success of the plan is questionable in long term. RSEC should work on introducing effective management plan that aids the company to derive the opinion of managers and staffs in incorporating the change system in the business. The introduction of management plan assists the firm to take significant steps to improve their present logistic, sales and customers service operation. The management plan helps to monitor the attitude of managers and workers regarding the change plan that affects the sales operation. It is observed that the effective distribution operation and logistic service helps to improve the business in different parts of the country. The management program of the firm helps to facilitate their customer service operation. It helps to provide better service to the end-users that affects the business function of the corporation. RSEC should work on involving the managers and experiences staffs in their discussions. It also helps to indentify the participation of the workers and managers to improve the business operation of the organisation. Implementation: RESC has considered the importance of introducing management plan that assists the company to dissolve the issues faced by them in current time. The board members of RSEC has worked on obtaining the opinion of managers regarding the decision of changing the location of head office and the incorporation of centralized power to perform the work coherently in different units. It helps the company to make the vision clear to the workers and managers about the change strategy considered in the firm. Rapid Supply Electronic Components Ltd (RSEC) has also worked on improving their communication with the staffs to understand their insecurities regarding the change system in the firm. It helps to consider employees points and to take necessary step to dissolve the issues faced by them. Communication with workers also aids to reduce their fear of losing their position in the firm. It aids the company to take initial steps to retain the trust of their experiences staffs. Firm connection with st affs helps the organisation to attain effective service from them that helps to improve the sales operation. Improvement in sales aids the firm to develop their distribution operation and to customer service system to provide service to wide range of service users in different locations of Australia. References: Andersson, M., Tamanini, J., Asplund, C., Fransson, M., Sporre, M., Parliden, J. (2012). Strategic global marketing of Nordic cleantech clusters and competencies. Becker, J., Kugeler, M., Rosemann, M. (Eds.). (2013).Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science Business Media. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Davenport, T. H. (2013).Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Harmon, P. (2014).Business process change. Morgan Kaufmann. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hornstein, H. A. (2015). The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 291-298. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mine, M. (2015). Operations Adaptive Management Plan. Nienhuis, J. (2014). Using Change Management to improve CRM User Acceptance. Pugh, L. (2016).Change management in information services. Routledge. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Shah, M. H. (2014). An Application of ADKAR Change Model for the Change Management Competencies of School Heads in Pakistan.Journal of Managerial Sciences,8(1). Waters, D., Rinsler, S. (2014).Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers. Yaghoubi, N. M., Hojatizade, M. (2014). Human resource management and ERP system: An integrated model.International Journal of Research in Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management,2(4), 113-126.

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Essay Example

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Paper What makes you, you? Is who we are the result of our genes (nature) or is it the result of our upbringing (nurture)? Nature: the result of our genes Nurture: everything else other than genes, the culture you were brought up in, the country and family you were brought up In, the school you went to There Is an interaction between nature and nurture II. The Nature Component A. Genes: Our biological blueprint Our body is made up of millions of cells, in every cell, except egg and sperm, we have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs We have thousands of genes, which are considered to be he basic unit of heredity Genes are segments of DNA that carry the Instruction that give an organism its traits or characteristics Different size of animals and people depends on a single gene (chromosome 1 5) Sometimes multiple genes (gene complexes) are responsible for something such as obesity Genes are made up of nucleotides There are four nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine They always come in pairs, A with T and G with C The sequence determine what a gene will do and what It will not do Changing Just one letter In a sequence changes what the gene does We will write a custom essay sample on Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Common analogy: chromosomes are like books, genes are the words in a book, and nucleotides are the letters in a book Human genome: we have roughly 30 thousand genes in our DNA They discovered based on the mapping of the human genome that every human on earth Is 99. 99% genetically similar to every other human being on earth Repartition of thee. 01% difference: 5% deference among races, 95% differences within a race Nature genetics, 2004: race does NOT exist biologically; there Is no white, black, Arab, Asian race, and it is just a social concept We share: 95-98% of our DNA with chimps, 0% of our DNA with mice, 50% of our DNA with bananas, 44% of our DNA with fruit flies B. Evolutionary Psychology Bal . What is Evolutionary Psychology (PEP)? Newest perspective in psychology, heavily influenced by Darnings principals of the Theory of Evolution According to Darwin, the mall goal Is to survive and to transmit (natural selection); many organisms die out due to survival of the fittest Survival of the Fittest: when there is a match between characteristics of organism and demands of the environment Evolutionary psychologists took the theories of Darwin to explain unman behavior; they study behaviors that are universal and common to all human beings; they study adaptive behaviors (adaptation is essential for survival) Any behaviors, traits, or emotions that our ancestors had are what we see in humans today We are in the post-antibiotic era, bacteria are smart 82. Application of PEP to Sexuality Surveys: men think more about sex, masturbate more, want sex more than women, are more likely to interpret friendliness as a come-on, and are more likely to make sacrifices for sex Clark and Hatfield (1978): recruited average-looking men and women o go around campus saying: Hey, Ive noticed you around campus, want to go to bed tonight? Different attitudes about sex: majority of women were offended, majority of men would say yes or why wait till tonight? According to PEP: both men and women have the same goal, but have different strategies to achieve the goal due to physiological differences It takes women 9 months to produce a baby, so relational sex enhances survival; it doesnt take men long to plant their seeds, so recreational sex is best strategy 83. Retinue of PEP Professors Critique: this is offensive because most men, like most women, want to be n healthy relationships There are at least 18 societies today that encourage women to have multiple partners because they believe that a child can have multiple fathers (women in these societies are less likely to have a miscarriage, women with multiple partners were more likely to have children that made it to age of 15 years) How evolutionary psychologists explain gender differences in sexuality: Peps theorize that women have inherited their ancestors tendencies to be more sexually cautious because of the challenges associated with incubating and nurturing offspring, whereas men inherited an inclination to be more casual about sex because their act of fathering requires a smaller investment Three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality: (1) it starts with an effect and works backward to propose an explanation, (2) unethical and immoral men could use such explanations to rationalize their behavior toward women (3) this explanation may overlook the effects of cultural expectations and colonization C. Behavior Genetics CLC . Introduction Behavior genetics: a field of study where the main goal and purpose is to determine he extent to which differences between individuals are due to genetics; Bags are interested in INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Why we differ and how genes affected this: see below Q. -ret studies Minimization (Identical) Twins: one sperm fertilizes one egg and then the egg splits, always the same gender, and 100% genetically similar Dogmatic (Fraternal) Twins: two different eggs fertilized by two different sperms, can be same or opposite sex, 50% identical twins should be more similar on this trait than fraternal twins 1 identical twin has Alchemists, other twin has 60% chance fraternal twin has Alchemists, other twin has 30% chance 1 identical twin divorces, other has 5. 5% chance 1 fraternal twin divorces, other has 1. % chance studies find that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in extroversion (outgoingness) and neurotics (emotional instability) MAKE LIST OF GENETIC COMPONEN TS AND OTHER COMPONENTS Genetic components: extroversion, neurotics, agreeableness, personality traits, temperament (emotional excitability) Other components: attitudes, values, manners, faith, politics Criticism: these twins have similar environments, they come into this oral at the same time, are exposed to the same things, same home, same school, maybe this is why they are similar Solution: started studying twins who were separated and reared apart; identical twins who are reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins who are reared apart Boucher et Al. : studied over 100 twins, results indicate that for certain traits there is a genetic component Conclusion: identical twins reared together are more similar to each other than identical twins reared apart; identical twins are more similar to each other (reared together or apart) than fraternal twins (reared together or apart) CO. Adoption Studies Rationale: we have one adopted child with two sets of parents biological and ad optive parents Clear evidence to indicate that adopted children, when it comes to personality, are more similar to their biological parents, even if they have never met them, than they are to their adoptive parents (personality has a strong biological component) CREATE TWO COLUMNS: BIOLOGICAL PARENTS VS ADOPTIVE PARENTS faith, politics CO. Family Studies Rationale: family members are more genetically similar to each other than strangers, if a trait has a genetic component to it then family members should be more similar n that trait than strangers are Within a family we have different degrees of genetics, therefore if a trait has a genetic component to it, then family members who are ore similar to each other genetically should be more like each other then family members who are less genetically similar to each other Regular siblings: 50% Parents and children: 50% Grandparents and grandchildren: 25% 1st cousins: 12. 5% CO. Temperament Studies Definition: a temperament is your typical emotional reactivity (the way you respond to life) and the typical intensity of that response. Do you respond with fear and anxiety? Or are you excited and bold? Or are you shy? Temperament is a component of personality, has a genetic component Babies come to this world equipped with a temper; four different types of temperaments: Easy babies (40%): positive emotions, Slow-to-warm babies (1 5%): shy, guarded in their expression, takes the awhile to adapt to new environments and strangers Difficult babies (10%): strong emotional reactions, fussy, cry a lot, patterns are unpredictable and irregular, not easy to soothe Physiological studies show that difficult babies have a more erred up/aroused nervous system Combination babies (35%): sometimes easy, sometimes difficult, moieties shy, sometimes bold Twin studies indicate that identical twins are more similar in their temperament than fraternal twins Temperament seems to endure, and stay stable throughout time Through nurture we can modify and reshape temperament; parenting does make a difference CO. Heritability Definition: the percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity (the degree to which differences between/amongst individuals are due to genetics) h2o = heritability coefficient (heritability can be quantified by a heritability coefficient) h2o = Variances / (Variances + Overcompensation) 2 varies between O and 1 If h2o = 0. 0 no genetic influence If h2o = 1. 0 all variance is due to genetic influence If h2o = 0. 4 40% genes (60% environment) if h2o = 0. 6 60% genes (40% environment) Points to know and remember about heritability: Sometimes for the same trait, different studies come up with a different h2o (due to environment) When environment is similar, h2o will be higher When environment is different, h2o will be lower Just because individual differences are heritable, it does NOT necessarily mean that differences between races, gender, generations are heritable CO. Nature and Nurture Interaction Just because you have inherited a gene does not mean that this gene is going to affect you, this gene may remain dormant for the rest of your life, genes MAY need the environment to turn them on, this is not always the case Self-regulating: the same gene will act differently in a different environment Both male and female rats have a gene that makes them very nurturing and loving towards baby rats, however this does not turn on till they can hear, see, and smell the baby rat We dont Just transmit genes to our offspring, we transmit the pattern of activation as well The environment is one of the most important factors influencing gene Genome Pigment: tells a genome to activate/turn on/turn off Methyl groups: chemicals that, when present, inactivate/silence a gene Acetate groups: tell the gene to turn on, express itself Epigenetic (simplified definition): study the factors that influence/affect gene expression with affecting DNA Epigenetic studies the mol ecular mechanisms by which environments trigger genetic expression; study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed (life experiences beginning in the womb lay own epigenetic marks, organic methyl molecules, that can block the expression of any gene in the associated DNA segment) D. Behavior Genetics Definition: a field of research where scientists are trying to identify the genes to heart disease and everyone has heart disease except for a few people, study one person who has it and one person who doesnt; find the gene that varies and youll know which gene is responsible for high cholesterol and heart disease. Relevance to psychology: we study both mental illness and mental health and part of helping people become healthy is knowing which genes we need to fix; intervention, revelation, therapy. Promises and dangers: dangers if employers can tell that you have heart disease or something they may fire you, if parents can tell their baby is going to have a problem they may abort it; promises they can go into the chromosome and snip the gene that is problematic. Midterm Question Use one of the principles of evolutionary psychology to answer the following question: Each one of us has 4 grandparents. Using the principles of evolutionary psychology which one of those grandparents is going to spend the most time, money, energy and resources on you. Ill. The Nature Component A. Prenatal Development The baby in the womb is very well protected, however this protection is not 100%, the baby remains vulnerable in the womb because lots of germs and infections can pass through the placenta; this baby can be harmed due to mothers environment (living near a nuclear plant) or mothers diet (the food she is eating). Even though twins, identical and fraternal, share the same womb, they may not be sharing the same environment. Example: one twin may be getting the better nutrition, better protection from viruses, better blood and oxygen supply. Fraternal twins have different lactates, identical twins can have the same or different placentas; identical twins with different placentas are less similar to each other than identical twins who share the same placenta. Marked for life (? ): what happens in the womb can influence and effect our life later on; cancer, blood pressure and heart diseases all could have been rooted in nutrition of the mother when she was pregnant. Two twins in the womb touch each other and are aware of each others presence, this brings up the question of when does awareness begin? B. Experience and Brain Development Bal . Experience Facilitates Brain Development Nurture is essential and vital for proper brain development They need stimulation, proper nurture, to hear sounds and feel touch for proper brain development 82. Experience Changes the Brain For the longest time researchers believed that when the brain reaches maturity it will stay the same until it gets hit by diseases and begins to deteriorate However, we learned that even after the brain reaches maturity it continues to change through experience; learning new skills could cause your brain to change for the better: if you start taking new drugs and are always stressed that will change the brain for the ores They took a bunch of rats and treated them the same until they were 70, then they divided them into two groups: poor rats and rich rats; the poor rats were stuck in a cage and Just given food and water, the rich rats were given food, water, big cages, freedom to interact with each other, new toys to explore all the time; at 90 they killed the rats and studied the brains, realizing the rich rats brains developed more. C. How Much Credit or Blame do Parents Deserve? Abusive, neglected children who become neglectful, etc. In personality mea sures, shared environmental influences from the womb onward typically account for less Han 10% of childrens differences; two children are (apart from their shared genes) as different as two random children. Parents should be given less credit for kids who turn out great and blamed less for kids who dont; children are not easily sculpted by parental nurture. D. Peer Influence Definition: individuals who are the same age or have the same level of maturity as us It is clear to researchers that peers are important to ones life (peers go all the way back to infancy) If one does not have peers, they create imaginary ones because peers are needed Children who are bullied or rejected by their peers end up being pressed and may kill themselves in the future As we age we interact with peers more and more; growing interaction with friends leads to growing influence by peers such as music taste, the way you dress Peers and risk-taking behavior: children and young teenagers are more likely to have risk-taking behavior when their peers also take risks or if they think their peers are taking risks; is it selection of friends? Parents also influence us Lifestyle choices: your parents choose what neighborhood you live in, what school they put you in The quality of parent-child interaction influences and effects the laity of peer-child interaction; for example, boys who bully others are more likely to have parents who are aggressive and dominate them, boys who get bullied are more likely to have parents who are overbearing and protective of them Advice: you are affected by the advice parents give you about relationships, life, or anything else Bottom line: parents and peers both influence you by distinct and complementary MAKE A CHART: PARENTS INFLUENCE VS PEER INFLUENCE E. Culture Definition: the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Norm: an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe proper behavior When we dont understand whats accepted or expected, we may experience culture shock; two great culture shocks are the differing pace of life and peoples differing senses of punctuality Cultures vary and compete for resources, and thus evolve over time; many changes have occurred since 1960 There have been positive changes (middle-class people travel more, eat out more, women have economic independence) and negative changes (increase in divorce, depression, and work hours); we cannot explain these rapid culture changes by changes in the unman gene pool; cultures vary, change, and shape our lives Individualism: giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications; behavior reflects ones personality and attitudes, confrontation acceptable Collectivism: giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly; behavior reflects social norms and roles, harmony valued V. The Nature and Nurture of Gender (Not on first midterm, but definitely on final exam) Men Women Tend to feel better about their appearance Four times more likely to commit suicide or suffer alcohol dependence More often diagnosed with color-blindness, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (as children), and antisocial personality disorder (as adults) In surveys, men admit to more (direct, physical) aggression than do women Male-to-female arrest ratio for murder is 9 to 1 in the United States and 8 to 1 in Canada Express more support for war (hunting, fighting, and warring are primarily mens activities) Perceived as being more dominant, forceful, and independent (place more importance on power and achievement) Tend to be more direct, even autocratic Talk assertively, interrupt, initiate touches, stare more, smile less, apologize less Boys typically play in large groups with an activity focus and little intimate discussion Male answer syndrome: men are more likely than women to hazard answers rather than admit they dont know Part of the parietal cortex (key area for space perception) is thicker in men Tend to f eel better about their behavior and ethics The average woman enters puberty two years earlier, lives five years longer, carries 70 percent more fat, has 40 percent less muscle, and is 5 inches shorter Can become sexually re-aroused immediately after orgasm Smell fainter odors Express emotions more freely Offered help more often Doubly vulnerable to depression and anxiety, risk of developing eating disorders is 10 times greater Women are perceived as being more deferential, nurture, and affiliated Tend to be more democratic, more welcoming of subordinates input in decision making Girls usually play in smaller groups, often with one friend (play is less competitive than boys and more imitative of social relationships) Females are more open and responsive to feedback than are males Females are more interdependent than males Women are more likely to tend and befriend (are more open with each other, desire intimacy) Parts of the frontal lobe (involved in verbal fluency) are reportedly thicker in women Gender similarities and differences 2 of the 46 chromosomes are sex chromosomes; these sex chromosomes determine whether a baby is genetically male or female The major sex chromosomes are X and Y; mother always contributes an X, father can contribute an X or Y (i f he contributes a Y the baby is male, X the baby is female) If the baby only ends up with one chromosome and it is an X the baby can survive but will have trouble later in life; if the baby only ends up with a Y it cannot survive and is terminated immediately in the mob There is a gene on chromosome Y called UDF that kicks in at 7 months in the womb, forming testes and testosterone (for female babies the absence of testosterone leads to the development of female body parts) Hormones influence and Female rats or monkeys: if injected with testosterone when they are pregnant the female babies behave like the males of the species, going after women and being more aggressive Human cases: the girls are more tomboyish, they dont like Jewelry and dolls, they like guns and like to play war; the bodies of men who are genetically male produce testosterone but their cells dont respond to testosterone, so their dies dont develop male genitalia and they become more like girls Normal hormone leve ls = average women Higher levels of progesterone = more feminine Higher levels of testosterone = more masculine The role of culture and society Parents describe their baby girl as being delicate, little, sweet; they describe baby boys as being firm, strong, and well-coordinated Medically, there are not differences in strength, alertness, and coordination between baby boys and girls Study: a baby boy was dressed in pink (parents held the baby for a long time, walked and rocked the baby, gave the baby teddy bears and bunnies to play with, cooed the baby) then he baby was dressed in blue (parents gave the baby a truck and hammer to play with, held the baby for a bit, then put him on the floor and encouraged him to start to crawl). Gender identity: a strong sense of being male or female Gender roles: expectations from society linked and associated with being a male or female; these gender roles vary from one culture to the next Gender typed: adopting a traditional masculine role or a traditional feminine roll There are many theories in psychology attempting to explain gender Social learning theory: we learn about a gender through observation, we learn through modeling, we have a role model and e imitate that role model, we learn through observation, modeling, rewarding and punishing Gender schema theory: they do accept what social learning theory is, saying yes there is observation, modeling, rewarding and punishing, but they take it several steps further; children are not learning passively, rather they are actively taking this information, drawing conclusions about this information, and they organize it into boys, girls, men, and women; those schemes become a rule in their life.

Carpal tunnul syndrome essays

Carpal tunnul syndrome essays Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Caused By the Use of Computers Now that we are almost into the twenty first century it is becoming clear how our world has evolved technologically. Most of the technology which we have experienced is based on or related to computers. Computers have been successful tools in making our lives much easier. unfortunately, there has been a dramatic rise of repetitive Strain Injuries in the last six years, one of which is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. It was in the last six years that computers began to take over our communication systems, which are what we thrive on, therefore more people have been using computers and using them more consistently than seen in the past. Fortunately, Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) are nothing fetal, so it is highly unlikely that technology will be reversed because of them, however more technological advancement might be difficult if something is not done to treat RSI and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a common type of RSI. CTS is a condition that effects the hands and wrists. The condition occurs by pressure being put on the median nerve where is travels to the hand through a gap called the carpal tunnel. This gap lies under the transverse carpal ligament, which is located at the front of the wrist. The median nerve is what carries sensory and motor information form the thumb and fingers to the muscles in the hand. The pressure that is placed on the median nerve is what causes the nerve damage. This causes the numbing, tingling, burning pain in the wrist, hand and fingers. Though it has been proven that repetitive stress on the hands and wrist is what leads to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome there are also other contributes to the condition. The other factors that can contribute to CTS are, pregnancy, thyroid disease, and oral contraceptives, or anything that causes fibers to swell in the tunnel area. Poor posture, when typing, puts...

Rights associated with land Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Rights associated with land - Essay Example Fishing rights in England and Scotland are private as opposed to public rights in USA, while water rights follow a riparian system in the UK and USA, except the western states where an appropriation system is used. Mineral Rights are provided to property owners who may have the right to allocate subsurface rights to other parties, but in England and Scotland the rights to precious and energy minerals rests with the Crown, while rights of ownership to other minerals may also rest with community bodies. Mineral Rights: In Scotland, land ownership is based on a feudal system whereby the owner or feuar was subjected to title conditions with reservations of mineral rights. Under the feudal system, previous owners of property known as feudal superiors, retained rights over the land even after it was sold, together with the right to enforce title conditions. (www.hmitchell.co.uk). This system was recently abolished under the Abolition of Feudal Tenure (Scotland) Act 2000, however despite the abolition of the system, a reservation of mineral rights in the feudal title still remains valid. As a result, it may restrict the mineral rights of owners of property. The Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 provides communities and crofts with the pre-emptive rights to acquire mineral rights, with the exception of oil, gas, coal, gold or silver.(www.lindsays.co.uk) The ownership of the rights to precious and energy minerals is vested in the Government. Throughout the U.K, mineral rights to gold and silver are owned by the Crown and the mines of these metals are known as mines royal.